• Maternal and early-life nutrient deficiencies consistently induce skeletal malformations and congenital anomalies in rodent offspring, revealing teratogenic effects of dietary gaps and riboflavin deficiency ([2], [3], [9], [10], [16], [18]).

• Vitamin A status in infancy is explored through blood levels as an index of deficiency, reserves/absorption/plasma levels in premature infants, and regulation of blood levels in newborns ([4], [13], [15]).

• Clinical metrics of child growth and obesity are analyzed alongside assessments of physical condition and infant feeding behavior, linking nutrition to growth trajectories and endocrine markers ([5], [7], [17], [19]).

• Digestive physiology under malnutrition shows altered intestinal structure and function, with morphologic disturbances in humans and intestinal changes in monkeys on poor rice diets ([11], [20]).

• Biochemical metabolism in early life emphasizes interactions between aromatic amino acids and vitamin C, illustrating micronutrient roles in neonatal biochemistry ([1], [6]).